Diagnóstico y manejo de la apendicitis no perforada: revisión de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56183/iberojhr.v4is.669Palavras-chave:
Apendicitis aguda. Diagnóstico. Ecografía. Tomografía. Apendicectomía. Laparoscopía.Resumo
La apendicitis, que es la inflamación del apéndice vermiforme vestigial, representa una de las causas más habituales del abdomen agudo y una de las razones más recurrentes para realizar cirugías abdominales de emergencia a nivel mundial. El análisis de las personas con sospecha de apendicitis se enfoca en identificar de manera temprana a quienes padecen apendicitis aguda mientras se procura reducir al mínimo la cantidad de cirugías laparoscópicas o laparotómicas innecesarias. Un diagnóstico erróneo de apendicitis, particularmente si ya se encuentra perforada, puede conllevar resultados severamente negativos para el paciente, mientras que las cirugías no terapéuticas generan morbilidad sin abordar la causa subyacente. Por más de cien años, la apendicectomía abierta era el tratamiento estándar para la apendicitis. Hoy en día, las estrategias actuales son más complejas y refinadas: la apendicectomía laparoscópica ahora supera a la abierta en frecuencia, algunos pacientes con apendicitis perforada pueden beneficiarse al comenzar con tratamiento antibiótico preliminar seguido de apendicectomía diferida, y se han realizado ensayos que indican que tratar la apendicitis no complicada solo con antibióticos podría ser viable.
Referências
Téoule P, Laffolie J, Rolle U, Reissfelder C. Acute Appendicitis in Childhood and Adulthood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 Nov 6;117(45):764-774. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0764. PMID: 33533331.
Bom WJ, Scheijmans JCG, Salminen P, Boermeester MA. Diagnosis of Uncomplicated and Complicated Appendicitis in Adults. Scand J Surg. 2021 Jun;110(2):170-179. doi: 10.1177/14574969211008330.
Hernández J, De León J, Martínez M, Guzmán J, Palomeque A, et al. Apendicitis aguda: revisión de la literatura. Cirujano General 2019; 41 (1): 33-38.
Cilindro de Souza S, Matos Rodrigues da Costa SR, Silva de Souza IG. Vermiform appendix: positions and length–a study of 377 cases and literature review. J Coloproctol (Rio J). 2015; 35: 212-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcol.2015.08.003
Lin KB, Chan CL, Yang NP, Lai RK, Liu YH, Zhu SZ, Pan RH. Epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy for the low-income population in Taiwan, 2003-2011. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb 13;15:18. doi: 10.1186/s12876-015-0242-1. PMID: 25888516; PMCID: PMC4329676.
Barlow A, Muhleman M, Gielecki J, Matusz P, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. The vermiform appendix: a review. Clin Anat. 2013 Oct;26(7):833-42. doi: 10.1002/ca.22269. Ilves I, Fagerström A, Herzig KH, Juvonen P, Miettinen P, Paajanen H. Seasonal variations of acute appendicitis and nonspecific abdominal pain in Finland. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr 14;20(14):4037-42. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4037.
Golz RA, Flum DR, Sanchez SE, Liu X, Donovan C, Drake FT. Geographic Association Between Incidence of Acute Appendicitis and Socioeconomic Status. JAMA Surg. 2020 Apr 1;155(4):330-338. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.6030.
Chandrasekaran TV, Johnson N. Acute appendicitis. Surgery (Oxford). 2014; 32: 413-417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.06.004
Bhangu A, Søreide K, Di Saverio S, Assarsson JH, Drake FT. Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2015 Sep 26;386(10000):1278-1287. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00275-5. Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Oct 14;390(10104):1736. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31502-7. PMID: 26460662.
Humes DJ, Simpson J. Clinical presentation of acute appendicitis: clinical signs laboratory findings clinical scores, Alvarado score and derivate scores. En: Keyzer C, Gevenois PA (Eds.). Imaging of acute appendicitis in adults and children. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media; 2011.
Takada T, Inokuchi R, Kim H, Sasaki S, Terada K, Yokota H, Hattori S, Mikami W, Kubota T, Fukuhara S. Is "pain before vomiting" useful?: Diagnostic performance of the classic patient history item in acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Mar;41:84-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.066.
Takada T, Nishiwaki H, Yamamoto Y, Noguchi Y, Fukuma S, Yamazaki S, Fukuhara S. The Role of Digital Rectal Examination for Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 2;10(9):e0136996. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136996.
Echevarria S, Rauf F, Hussain N, Zaka H, Farwa UE, Ahsan N, Broomfield A, Akbar A, Khawaja UA. Typical and Atypical Presentations of Appendicitis and Their Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment: A Literature Review. Cureus. 2023 Apr 2;15(4):e37024. doi: 10.7759/cureus.37024.
Snyder MJ, Guthrie M, Cagle S. Acute Appendicitis: Efficient Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 1;98(1):25-33.
Gorter RR, Eker HH, Gorter-Stam MA, Abis GS, Acharya A, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surg Endosc. 2016 Nov;30(11):4668-4690. doi: 10.1007/s00464-016-5245-7.
Bom WJ, Scheijmans JCG, Salminen P, Boermeester MA. Diagnosis of Uncomplicated and Complicated Appendicitis in Adults. Scand J Surg. 2021 Jun;110(2):170-179. doi: 10.1177/14574969211008330.
Atema JJ, Gans SL, Beenen LF, Toorenvliet BR, Laurell H, Stoker J, Boermeester MA. Accuracy of White Blood Cell Count and C-reactive Protein Levels Related to Duration of Symptoms in Patients Suspected of Acute Appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Sep;22(9):1015-24. doi: 10.1111/acem.12746.
LOCAT Group. Low-dose CT for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adolescents and young adults (LOCAT): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;2(11):793-804. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30247-9.
Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Dec 14;326(22):2299-2311. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.20502.
Kaewlai R, Lertlumsakulsub W, Srichareon P. Body mass index, pain score and Alvarado score are useful predictors of appendix visualization at ultrasound in adults. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015 Jun;41(6):1605-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.01.021.
Kularatna M, Lauti M, Haran C, MacFater W, Sheikh L, Huang Y, McCall J, MacCormick AD. Clinical Prediction Rules for Appendicitis in Adults: Which Is Best? World J Surg. 2017 Jul;41(7):1769-1781. doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-3926-6.
Malik MU, Connelly TM, Awan F, Pretorius F, Fiuza-Castineira C, El Faedy O, Balfe P. The RIPASA score is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in a western population. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017 Apr;32(4):491-497. doi: 10.1007/s00384-016-2713-4.
Talan DA, Di Saverio S. Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 16;385(12):1116-1123. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2107675.
de Almeida Leite RM, Ricciardi R. Management of Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis-Reply. JAMA Surg. 2023 Mar 1;158(3):329. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.6544.
de Almeida RM, Seo DJ, Gomez B, Hossain S, Lesegretain A, et al. Nonoperative vs Operative Management of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2022 Sep 1;157(9):828-834. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2937.
Doleman B, Fonnes S, Lund JN, Boyd-Carson H, Javanmard-Emamghissi H, Moug S, Hollyman M, Tierney G, Tou S, Williams JP. Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Apr 29;4(4):CD015038. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015038.pub2.
Podda M, Gerardi C, Cillara N, Fearnhead N, Gomes CA, Birindelli A, Mulliri A, Davies RJ, Di Saverio S. Antibiotic Treatment and Appendectomy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019 Dec;270(6):1028-1040. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003225.
Salminen P, Paajanen H, Rautio T, Nordström P, Aarnio M, et al. Antibiotic Therapy vs Appendectomy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: The APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Jun 16;313(23):2340-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6154.
Sartelli M, Baiocchi GL, Di Saverio S, Ferrara F, Labricciosa FM, et al. Prospective Observational Study on acute Appendicitis Worldwide (POSAW). World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Apr 16;13:19. doi: 10.1186/s13017-018-0179-0.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Yessenia Marisol Vega Tenesaca, Katherine Andrea Yacelga Araguillin, Verónica Nathaly Celi Yanangómez, Carlos Javier Morales Tashintuña, Karen Vanessa Acosta Salazar, Alex Antonio Tipán Iza, Richar Alonso Chicaiza Alomoto, Karen Dominique Mafla Maza
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
